英文科普常识
关于英文科普常识
1.科普英语的内容
〖内容简介〗-趣味科普英语学习指导（初级）：含磁带 本书是与《趣味科普英语》配套的学习指导用书，具有以下特点：1.增补了新的科普知识点，从一定程度上弥补了《趣味科普英语》由于篇幅所限而带来的知识点不够全面的不足。
2.对《趣味科普英语》一书所列举的创意题给出了答案要点，突出了中小学生用英语表达科技创意的关键知识。3.将《趣味科普英语》一书中的课文翻译成了中文，有助于加深对原文的理解。
4.配有录音磁带，让中小学生在阅读英语科普作品的同时，在听力上有所提高和突破。5.适合学生自学，也可作为家长和教师辅导学生之用/。
2.科普英语的内容
暗银河系的发现及其科学意义 In addition to conventional galaxies, the universe contains very dim galaxies that until recently went unnoticed by astronomers. Possibly as numerous as conventional galaxies, these galaxies have the same general shape and even the same approximate number of stars as a common type of conventional galaxy, the spiral, but tend to be much larger. Because these galaxies 'mass is spread out over larger areas, they have far fewer stars per unit volume than do conventional galaxies. Apparently these low-surface-brightness galaxies, as they are called, take much longer than conventional galaxies to condense their primordial gas and convert it to stars—that is, they evolve much more slowly. These galaxies may constitute an answer to the long-standing puzzle of the missingbaryonic mass in the universe. Baryons—subatomic particles亚原子粒子 that are generally protons or neutrons—are the source of stellar, and therefore galactic, luminosity, and so their numbers can be estimated based on how luminous galaxies are. However, the amount of helium in the universe, as measured by spectroscopy光谱学， suggests that there are far more baryons in the universe than estimates based on galactic luminosity indicate. Astronomers have long speculated that the missing baryonic mass might eventuallybe discovered in intergalactic space星系际的空间 or as some large population of galaxies that are difficult to detect. -------------------------------另类海豹哺乳方式与众不同 Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of phocids (true seals), a pinnipped family, use a different maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals andsea lions), another pinniped family. Mother otariids use a foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy stores in the form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation (milk production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3 years depending on the species, mother otariids alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites. Zoologists had assumed that females of all phocids species, by contrast,use a fasting strategy in which mother phocids, having accumulated large energy stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast throughout the entire lactation period, which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. However, recent studies onharbor seals, a phocids species, found that lactating females commenced foragingapproximately 6 days after giving birth and on average made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period. The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may have to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation. Harbor seals are small compared with other phocids species such as grey seals, all of which are known to fast for the entire lactation period. Studies show that mother seals of these species use respectively 84 percent, 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during lactation. By comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation, even though they occasionally feed during this period. Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smallerthan many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids. In addition,there is already some evidence suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocids species thatis similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a maternal foraging strategy.------------------------------pheromones是什么东东，是不是该划为odorantThere is no consensus among researchers regarding what qualifies a substance as a pheromone. While most agree on a basic definition of pheromones as chemicals released by one individual of a species which, when detected by another individual of the same species, elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response, some researchers also specify that the response to pheromones must be unconscious. In addition, the distinctionbetween pheromones and odorants—chemicals that are consciously detected as odors---can be blurry, and some researchers classify pheromones as atype of odorant. Evidence that pheromone responses may not involve conscious odor perception comes from the finding that in many species, pheromones are processed by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory) system, which uses a special structure in the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO),。
3.英语科学小知识
1. bat an eye (show surprise, fear, or interest) 眨一下眼睛（表示惊讶、恐惧等）该成语通常用于否定句中，表示不露声色.例：Tom told his story without batting an eye, although not a world of it was true.虽然没有一句话是真的，汤姆编造故事却面不改色.2. be all fingers and thumbs做事笨手笨脚例：He could not undo the string of the parcel ---- she was all fingers and thumbs.他怎么也解不开包袱上的绳子 ---- 真是笨手笨脚. 3. be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth (born with inherited privilege or wealth) 门第高贵；出生富豪[注] 银具是富裕人家身份的象征之一，生在富贵人家的孩子多用银匙 （silver spoon） 喂食.例：When does she know about hardship ---- she was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.她根本就不知道什么叫艰难 ---- 他出生在富贵人家.4. be in sth. up to one's neck (be very much and very seriously involved in) 深陷于.中例：She said she knew nothing about the robbery, but I'm sure she's in it up to her neck.她说她对这起抢劫案一无所知，不过我敢肯定她深深卷入其中.5. bite the hand that feeds one (be very ungrateful) 忘恩负义；以怨报德例：She felt that her protégé had bitten the hand that fed him by making unkind remarks about her in public.她觉得她的被保护人在公开场合讲有损她的话是忘恩负义.6. bite off sb's nose (scold sb. severely; disagree with sb. in a bad manner) 气势汹汹地回答某人；声色俱厉地训斥某人[注] 也作snap off sb's head.该成语最早出现于16世纪.到了18世纪，有人用动词 snap 替换该成语中的 bite 一词.例：She bites off his nose on the faintest provocation.不管有事无事，她动不动就声色俱厉地训斥他.7. break the back of sth. (complete the heaviest or most difficult part of sth. hurt the most import part) 门第高贵；出生富豪[注] 银具是富裕人家身份的象征之一，生在富贵人家的孩子多用银匙 （silver spoon） 喂食.同义语有be born in （或to） the pruple; be radled in purple.例：Now that you've broken the back of the job, have a rest.你既然已经完成了这项工作的主要部分，那就休息一下吧.8. bury one's head in the sand (deliberately ignore sth. that is obvious but unpleasant) 逃避现实；拒绝承认现实[注] 鸵鸟遇到危险时，总是把头埋在沙里，自己看不见敌人就认为敌人也看不见自己，由此产生这一成语.例：He had suspected for some months that his son was taking drugs, but he had buried his head in the sand and refused to admit it, even to himself.几个月来，他一直怀疑自己的儿子在吸毒，但他却采取鸵鸟政策，拒绝承认现实. 9. carry a chip on one's shoulder (have rather an aggressive manner, as if always expecting to be insulted, ill-treated) 以挑衅的态度出现；像要跟人家打架似的[注] 19世纪中叶美国中西部的居民寻衅打架时，常把一块碎木片（chip）放在肩膀上，谁要与他打架就得先击落这块木片.例：He is very difficult to deal with ---- he's always carried a chip on his shoulder about his lack of education.他这个人很难对付----由于没能受到良好的教育，他整天都像要跟人家打架似的.10. chance one's arm (do sth. risky; take a risk) 冒险一试；碰碰运气[注] 该成语原出自拳击运动，后被裁缝吸收为行话；从1890年起，又被士兵们用来指“冒降级的险”例：The manager decided to chance his arms and try to write a book on economy.这个经理决定碰碰运气，试着写一本关于经济的书.。
4.英语科普小知识,急
要想学好英语不止才有这几个方面，还要掌握一些重要的知识。
例如：英语中的“八大时态”。“八大时态”分别有：一般将来时，一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，现在完成时，过去将来时，过去完成时和过去进行时。
当然英语的“八大时态”也很重要，它也是学好英语的最基本。以下是“八大时态”的简介。
一、一般时态 1、一般现在时 （1）一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词 usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等连用。 （2）在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。
（3）某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等。（4）在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时2.一般过去时 （1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。
（2）表示过去习惯性动作。（注意与be used to doing短语的区别） 3.一般将来时 1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。
2）几种替代形式： 1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。
. 二、进行时态 1.现在进行时 （1）表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用。（2）表示现阶段经常发生的动作， 常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。
（3）表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。
即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。
（4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see,hear,smell,taste,feel, notice,look,appear，（表示感觉的词）；hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse, forgive（表示感情的动词）；be,exist,remain,stay,obtain（表示存在状态的动词）；have,possess, own,contain,belong,consist of,form（表示占有与从属的动词）；understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember （表示思考理解的动词）。
但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态2. 过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。3. 将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。
常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等4. 完成进行时 （现在、过去、将来）完成进行时是（现在、过去、将来）完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。
它可分为： 1. 现在完成时 （1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet,already,just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for,since连用）。（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等 （3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。
如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。2. 过去完成时 （1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。
（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是： 1)was / were + to have done sth, (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。
3. 将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有： by (the time / the end of 。
5.科普知识的英语作文一百字
As we know, Air pllution is bad for our health.We have very serious air pollution around, became the main environment problems in our city.Air pollution has seriously affected our lives. In order to protect the air environment in the city, to protect our health,We must do the following.First of all,We can use clean fuel When we drive or take the bus.Of course,We can also ride a bicycle to replace them.Second,We have to plant more trees, let us more fresh air.Of course, there are many ways to protect environment. I believe, as long as we all work together,We'll have a clean their homes。
6.英文科普短文
The Internet is a giant network of computers located all over the world that communicate with each other. The Internet is an international collection of computer networks` that all understand a standard system of addresses and commands, connected together through backbone systems. It was started in 1969, when the U.S. Department of Defence established a nationwide network to connect a handful of universities and contractors. The original idea was to increase computing capacity that could be shared by users in many locations and to find out what it would take for computer networks to survive a nuclear war or other disaster by providing multiple path between users. People on the ARPNET (as this nationwide network was originally called) quickly discovered that they could exchange messages and conduct electronic "conferences" with distant colleagues for purposes that had nothing to do with the military industrial complex. If somebody else had something interesting stored on their computer, it was a simple matter to obtain a copy (assuming the owner did not protect it). Over the years, additional networks joined which added access to more and more computers. The first international connections, to Norway and England, were added in 1973. Today thousands of networks and millions of computers are connected to the Internet. It is growing so quickly that nobody can say exactly how many users "On the Net". The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very very large network [参考译文] Internet是由位于世界各地相互通信的计算机连接而成的巨大的计算机网络。
Internet是计算机网络的国际性的集合，这些网络都符合具有地址和命令的标准体系，并经骨干网连在一起。Internet始建于1969年，当时美国国防部为连接少数几所大学和协议企业而建立了一个全国性网络。
最初的想法是要增加计算机能力并可由许多地点的用户共享，并且通过提供用户间多条路径来找到哪一种计算机网络能够在核战或其他灾难中幸存。ARPNET（这种全国网络最初的名称）上的用户很快就发现他们可以与远距离的同事交换消息，并且进行某种目的的电子“会议”，而这些目的与军事工业企业没有任何关系。
如果另外一些人在其计算机中存有有趣的东西，得到其拷贝是很容易的事（假定拥有者没有进行保护）。 几年间，新的网络接入使越来越多的计算机加入进来。
在1973年进行了第一次与挪威和英国的国际连接。今天，有成千上万的计算机网络和数百万台计算机与Internet相连。
Internet发展如此之快以至于没有人能准确地说出网上有多少用户。 Internet是最大的信息宝库，它可以提供非常巨大的网络资源。
这种网络资源可分为网络设备资源和网络信息资源。网络设备资源使我们能够进行远程计算和通信。
网络信息资源向我们提供各种各样的信息服务，如科学、教育、商务、历史、法律、艺术和娱乐等等。
7.科普知识50个 急啊
环翠区小学科普知识竞赛复习题1、联合国规定每年的9月16日为世界什么日？世界节水日 B、世界环境日 C、世界气象日 D、臭氧层国际日2、“吸烟有害健康”世界无烟日是指每年的：A、4月 7日 B、4月22日 C、5月 31日 3、一节1号电池能使一平方米的土地永远失去利用价值，废旧电池是有害垃圾，它的回收方式A. 放在不可利用的垃圾一起 B.放在可再利用垃圾一起 C.专门回收4、我们常说的噪声污染是指 A 、90dB以上 B、80dB以上 C、50dB以上5、人们日常通称的“白色污染”是固体废弃物的一种，它是指A、废纸 B、废塑料 C、废电池6、所谓“黑色污染”是指 A、塑料袋、发泡餐盒 B、煤渣 C、废弃的汽车轮胎 D、废电池7、选用无磷洗衣粉的目的是A.保护衣物 B. 防止污染 C.保护双手8、被称为我国“瓷都”的是哪一城市？A、宜兴 B、景德镇 C、淄博9、我国第一大岛是：A、台湾岛 B、海南岛10、桑巴舞哪个国家的人民最喜欢的舞蹈是： A、美国 B巴西 C、中国 D、古巴11、少数民族最多的省份是：A、宁夏 B、山东 C、云南 D、河南12、每年九年钱塘江潮波澜壮阔，吸引了无数游人观看，请问钱塘江在我国哪个省？ A、山东省B、江苏省C、浙江省D、福建省13、每年蒙古族人民都要穿着节日盛装前来参加的盛大群众性集会是A、摔跤比赛会B、赛马会C、那达慕大会D、牧羊节B、迎接远方的客人，都要敬献“哈达”，互致“扎西德勒”，这是哪个民族的习惯？ A、维族 B、藏族 C、壮族 D、回族 14、国一级保护动物的是A、华南虎 B、孟加拉虎 C、东北虎15、不是一级保护动物的是 A、白鳍豚B、白头叶猴 C、东北虎D、娃娃鱼16、天生的“捕鼠能手”的鸟是A、猫头鹰 B、老鹰 C、啄木鸟17、世界上最小的花是（ ）最大的花是（ ）A、樱桃 B、无花果 C、海棠 D、大王花18、威海的市花是（ ），市树是（ ）A、牡丹花 B、水仙花 C、桂花D、合欢树 E、杨树 F、柏树19、世界野生生物基金会的会徽是采用了我国特有的珍贵动物是（ ）A.丹顶鹤 B. 大熊猫 C.骆驼20、藏羚羊是国家一级保护动物，是（ ）特有的动物。
A、青藏高原 B、新疆 C、青海21、眼球很像一架精密的照相机，（视网膜）相当于照相机的底片，（晶状体）相当于照相机中的凸透镜。22、月球圆缺的样子叫（月相），月亮圆缺变化是由（月球）围绕（地球）公转造成的。
23、月食一般发生在（农历十五或十六），日食一般发生在（农历初一）24、地球每时每刻都在自转，自转的方向是（自西向东），自转一周的时间大约是（24小时）。25、太阳周围有九大行星，他们是（水星）、（金星）、（地球）、（火星）、（木星）、（土星）、（天王星）、（海王星）（冥王星）。
26、阳光通过三棱镜后会分散成（红）、（橙）、（黄）、（绿）、（蓝）、（靛）、（紫）七种色光。27、（德国）科学家（开普勒）发现了行星运动的规律。
28、2003年10月15日我国首次载人飞船“神舟五号”的发射成功，第一位进入太空的航天员杨利伟成了青少年心目中的英雄，你知道刚刚发射成功的“神舟六号”航天员是谁？ 费俊龙 聂海胜29、“神州五号”和 “神州六号”飞船是在我国同一个发射场发射成功的，你知道是哪个卫星发射场？A、酒泉卫星发射基地 B、西昌卫星发射基地 C、太原卫星发射基地30、航天员能在太空可以享用很多种饮料，但是目前还无法提供给航天员的是______A、苹果汁 B、咖啡 C、冰红茶 D、啤酒31、“神舟五号”航天员杨利伟在太空中停留了19个小时返回地面，你知道“神舟六号”航天员将在太空中停留多长时间吗？A、24小时 B、48小时C、100小时 D、119小时32、“神舟六号”航天员太空中停留的119个小时中如何上厕所吗？A、尿不湿 B、专用马桶C、设计暂时没考虑33、中国航天服重约_______千克？A、15 B、20 C、10 D、534、宇宙员在太空穿着笨重的宇航服会觉得重吗？A、会B、不会C、有时会有时不会35、下列四省区黑龙江、上海、香港和山东，按自北向南排序正确的是：（ ）A、黑龙江、上海、香港、山东 B、山东、香港、上海、黑龙江C、上海、香港、山东、黑龙江 D、黑龙江、山东、上海、香港36、许多人都喜欢到低于海平面410公尺的死海去做日光浴是因为： A、空气最好 B、紫外线最弱 C、紫外线最强37、在下列回收废品中，如果没有回收，对环境造成危害最大的是（） A、废纸 B、废玻璃 C、废电池38、臭氧是一种天蓝色、有臭味的气体，臭氧层可以吸收和滤掉太阳光中大量（ ）有害成份。A、紫外线 B、红外线 C、可见光 39、我国有两个特别行政区，是指A、西藏B、台湾省C、香港D、北京 E、澳门40、公众参与是实现可持续发展的一个重要方面，下面的公众行为符合可持续发展思想的是：（A ）①使用公共交通工具 ②追求计算机的更新换代③垃圾分类回收利用 ④农田灌溉采用大水漫灌 ⑤自备篮子买菜A、①③⑤ B、②③⑤ C、③④⑤ D、②③④41、为保护蓝天，我们在出门时，应该（ ）。
A. 尽量选择乘坐舒适的交通工具B. 使用私人车，快去快回C. 尽量选择乘坐公共交通工具42、地球臭氧层的作用是什么？（臭氧。
8.科普知识的英语作文一百字
As we know, Air pllution is bad for our health.We have very
serious air pollution around, became the main environment problems in
our city.Air pollution has seriously affected our lives.
In order
to protect the air environment in the city, to protect our health,We
must do the following.First of all,We can use clean fuel When we drive
or take the bus.Of course,We can also ride a bicycle to replace
them.Second,We have to plant more trees, let us more fresh air.Of
course, there are many ways to protect environment.
I believe, as long as we all work together,We'll have a clean their homes.
相关文章