西方礼仪文化ppt英文版（西方的礼仪 要全英文版的）
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中西文化在社交礼仪有何差异?要英文版的
中西方礼仪文化差异(二)英文
It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should
always address adults in the formal fashion, using their title and last name.
Another difference is about the form of addressing. From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, forms of addressing can serve as an indication of the relationship of power and solidarity in the society. In calling their superiors or elders, the
Chinese are accustomed to the nonreciprocal or asymmetrical addressing, in other words. They use “title +surname” to address their superior or elders rather
than call them surnames, while the superior or elders call the addressers their
names. The Chinese tend to abide by the polite principle of depreciating oneself
and respecting others to show appropriate respects towards the persons being addressed, otherwise, the addresser may be considered as ill mannered, ill educated or rude. But in English speaking countries, people have a tendency to follow the reciprocal or symmetrical addressing. Although they are different in age and
status, they can call the other directly, namely, their names, even first names
except when they call the doctors, not arousing offence between them, but demonstrating the sense of intimacy and the conception of” Everyone is created equal”
. Chinese people feel unnatural addressing a westerner by his given name, feeling that it indicates too close a relationship, and westerners, on the other hand,
may feel that if a Chinese insists on using his surname, it indicates an unwillingness to be friendly and maintains a gap between them. So the use of forms like” Miss Mary” or “Mr. Smith ” may be a Chinese forms of compromise. With Miss Mary, the use of the given name indicates friendliness, but the addition of the title indicates the respect they feel they ought to show. And with Smith, the
lack of a title indicates friendliness, but the use of the surname prevents if sounding too intimate. However, both addressing used by the Chinese sound very strange and uncomfortable to the westerner.
3.Compliments and ResponseTo compliment is to praise the addressee’s virtues, ability, behavior, appearance, clothing, personality and belongs. Appropriate compliments can serve as effective supplementary means in inter-personal communication. Western and Chinese culture are at polar opposites about compliment. An western hostess, if she is complimented for her cooking skill, is likely to say,” Oh, I am so glad that you
liked it. I cook it especially for you.” Not so is a Chinese hostess, who will
instead apologize for giving you “Nothing”. They will say“随便作几个菜，不好吃
。”If translate this into English“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty. Perhaps the foreigner will think why you invite me to you family and have the untasty food. You aren't respect me. The English-speaking people
are more active to praise others and to be praise than Chinese people. For example, the Americans are “straight forwardness”, the Chinese take pride in “modesty”. That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an Americans table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer and the Americans hosts take ”no ” to mean “no ”, whether it is the first, second or
third time. Still bigger differences exist in people’s attitude towards compliments, i.e., in the response to compliments. Chinese are tend to efface themselves in words or refuse it, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments
. So many westerners simply feel puzzled or even upset when their Chinese friends refused their compliments. The Chinese people are not intending to be modest with the sacrifice of friendship in so doing, but it is rather
due to the traditional Chinese philosophy, that of modesty. The Chinese people
regard modesty as a most valuable virtue, so they seldom agree to the compliment on their own.
西方的礼仪 要全英文版的
1. Meeting and Greeting People
1) Greeting
The simplest thing to say is "Good morning," "Good afternoon'" or "good evening." This greeting is given to one whom you know only slightly, or to any one you are passing quickly. "How are you" is usually used when you are not in such a hurry. No answer is expected other than " Fine, thank you." "hello' is the commonest form of greeting between good friends.
2) When a Man Raises His Hat
If you are wearing a hat which can be taken bold of easily, it is customary to raise it slightly off your head when you greet a girl or a woman.
3) When to Shake Hands
It is customary to shake hands when you first meet someone. And usually friends shake hands when they meet after not having seen each other for some time. However it is not necessary to shake hands.
4) Use the person's Name
It is always good form to use the name of the person you are greeting. You might say, "Good Morning, Mr. Moncrieff" or " Hello, Franklin.," A person's surname should be used unless he is good friend or school-mate.
2. Introduction
1) How to Introduce People
In introducing two people, the general rule is: Introduce other people to the person you wish to honor. The old are honored in the West as in China. Women have been honoured in the West since the days of knighthood(骑士时代）.
2) Rising at Introduction
A man always rise for an introduction, except that it is sometimes all right for an elderly man to remain seated when a young man is introduced to him. The hostess always rises for an introduction.
3) Introducing Yourself
If you want to meet someone, it is better to ask a friend who know him to introduce you. But sometimes at a meeting or gathering it is all right to introduce yourself to a fellow-student, or to one of the same sex and position.
3. Invitation
1) You Must Reply to an Invitation
Foreign custom is much more strict than Chinese custom in the matter of replying to invitations. When you receive an invitation you should answer it immediately, saying definitely whether you are able to accept it or not.
2) Written or Verbal Reply
If the invitation is given by word of mouth, in conversation or at a chance meeting, you should answer at once whether you can come or not. If you cannot give an answer at that time, you may say, "May I let you know this evening?" Or some such words.
4. In the Home
1) The Right Time to Arrive
When invited to luncheon, dinner, or supper, it is very impolite to arrive late, as it is usually planned to have the meal at the exact hour given in the invitation.
2) In arrival
When you arrive, the hostess or some member of the family will probably meet you at the door and take your coat and hat. In the winter time you should dress more lightly than usually, as you may expect the rooms to be warmer than in most Chinese homes.
3) In a few minutes the hostess will ask her guests to come in to dinner. She may or may not ask each gentleman to take a lady in. If she does, the lady will take the gentleman's arm as they walk into the dinning room. If she does not, the ladies will go in first, followed by the gentlemen. The hostess will either point out their seats to the guests as they come in or have a place card at each place with the guests name on it.
4) How Long to Stay
After the meal is over it is not polite to leave for at least half an hour, lest you seem to have come only for the meal. An evening dinner invitation usually implies that you stay for the whole evening. The hostess often plans some after-dinner entertainment.
5) What to Say on Leaving
When leaving any kind of a party, a guest always expresses his appreciation to the hostess. Some such words as these are appropriate. "Thank you so much. I've had a delight evening."
5. Table Manners
1) As soon as the hostess picks up her napkin(餐巾）, pick yours up and lay it on your lap. Sometimes a roll of bread is wrapped in it; if so, toke it our and put it on your side plate.
2) The Soup Course
Dinner usually begins with soup. The largest spoon at your place is the soup spoon. It will be beside your plate at the right-hand side.
3) The Fish Course
If there is a fish course, it will probably follow the soup. There may be a special fork for the fish, or it may be similar to the meat fork. Often it is smaller.
4) The Meat Course
The main Course is usually served by the host himself, especially if it is a fowl(鸡禽） or a roast which need to be carved. He will often ask each guest what piece he prefers, and it is quite proper to state your preference as to lean or fat, dark（红肉） or light（白肉）.
5) Using Knife and Fork
If you have English and American friends you will notice a few differences in their customs of eating. For the main or meat curse, the English keep the fork in the left hand, point curved downward, and bring the food to the mouth either by sticking the points onto it or in the case of soft vegetables, by placing it firmly on the fork in this position with the knife. Americans carve the meat in the same position, then lay down the knife and taking the fork in the right hand with the point turned up, push it under a small piece of food without the help of the knife and bring it to the moth right-side-up.
6) Helping Yourself and Refusing
If a servant passes food around, he will pass the dish in at your left hand so that you can conveniently serve yourself with your right hand. Never serve yourself while the dish is on your right; it is then the turn of your neighbor on the right. It is polite to take some of everything that is passed to you. But if there is something you may not like, you may quietly say: "No thank you."
7) Second Helpings
The hostess may or may not ask if you would like a second helping, according to the formality of the meal. If she does and you accept it, you should pass your plate to her or to the servant with the knife and fork still lying on it.
8) The Salad Course
A salad is eaten with a fork only held in the right hand with points turned up. There is usually a special one for the salad, a little smaller than the meat fork.
9) Bread and Butter
Bread is taken in the fingers and laid on the side plate or the edge of the large plate, it is never take with a fork. Butter is taken from the butter dish with the butter knife and placed on the side plate, not on one's bread.
10) Other Things on the Table
When there are things on the middle of the table, such as bread, butter, jelly, pickles, nits, candies, you should not take any until the hostess ahs suggested that they be passed.
11) Leaving the Table
It is impolite for a guest to leave the table during a meal, or before the hostess gives the signal at the end. When the hostess indicates that the dinner is over, she will stat to rise from her seat and all the guests she rise from theirs at the same time.
12) Various rules and Suggestions
Sit up straight on your chair; Do not put much food in your mouth at a time; Drink only when there is no food in your mouth; Try not to get into your mouth anything that will have to be taken out; Do not make any nose when you eat; Do not clean your teeth at the table or anywhere in public, either with your finger or a tooth pick(牙签）, not even with you tongue.
6. In School
1)Greeting the Teacher
If you are in a very large class, it may not be necessary to greet the teacher on arriving, but it is always quite proper if you happen to catch the teacher's eye as you enter.
2) Coming Late
It is bad manners to come late to class. If you are unavoidably late an apology should be made to the teacher either at the time or after class.
3) Talking in Class
It if bad manners in the schoolroom, as elsewhere, to talk while anyone else is taking.
7. In Public Places
1) Traffic Laws
The coming of the motor car made definite traffic law and regulations a practical necessity. To obey these law is not so much a matter of curtsey(礼貌） as a moral obligation（义务）.
2) For People Walking
People walking should keep to the sidewalks and should keep to the right of the sidewalk.
3) The Theater
The theater proper is more formal than the movies. At the theater best clothes are in order; evening clothes are often worn.
4) The Movies
The movies are more informal. Any kind of respectable clothes may be worn, and small confection(糖果） may be eaten quietly as long as there are no objectionable noses to annoy one's neighbors.
5) In Church
It is usual for anyone attending church to take some money along for the offering, as it is a regular part of every church service and is used for the work of the church. Good clothes, but never evening clothes, are worn to a church service.
8. Special Occasions
1) Birthday
Birthday in the West, as in China, are considered occasions for congratulations and sometimes for gifts from near friends.
2)The Wedding
If one receives an announcement of a wedding after it is over, a note of congratulation may be sent, but a gift is not necessary.
3) The Funeral
Funerals, of course, are always sand, but the tendency in Western countries is against making any show of one's feelings at the funeral. The idea behind this is that the person dead would wish this last meeting of his friends in his honor and remembrance to be full of tender, happy recollections of his life.
9. With Strangers and Friends
1) Lending and borrowing are more matters of principle in the West than in the East. Things borrowed in the West are definitely expected to be returned, whether it is fifty dollars or merely a friend's pencil.
2) Don't Be Curious
It is impolite to be curious about the private affairs of others, such as age, salary, religion and marriage.
3) Thanks for Gifts
When some one gives you a present, it is very impolite to neglect thank him for it.
4) One Hand Only
In china we use two hands when giving something to a person, or when receiving it, if we want to be very polite. In the West this would seem awkward and impolite.
西方餐桌礼仪英语
我在这里介绍西方的餐桌礼仪 英语版
西方餐桌礼仪(英语版)
1.
TABLE MANNERS AT A DINNER PARTY:
People who go to a formal Western dinner party for the first time may be surprised by table manners in Western culture.
Knowing them will help you make a good impression.
Having good table manners means knowing,for example,how to use knives and forks,when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.
Beside your napkin you will find a small bread roll and three glasses—one for white wine,one for the red wine,and one for water.
There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table,forks on the left and knives in the right of the plate.
When you see two spoons,the big one id for the suop and the samll one for the dessert.
The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a litte bit bigger than the ones beside them.
When you sit down at the table, you can take your napkin, unfold it and put it on your lap.
In Chinese you sometime get a hot,damp cloth to clean your face and face and hands,whinch,however,is nat the custom in Western countries.
Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called a starter.
Sime people pray before they start eating , and other people may keep silent for a moment.
Then you can say"Enjoy your meal"to each other and everybody start eating.
For the starter,which you eat with the smaller pair,you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left.
After the starter you will get a bowl of soup—but only one boel of soup and never ask for a seconf serving.
The next dish is the main course.
Many Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird.
Some people can use their fingers when they eating chicken or other birds,but never touch beef or other meat in bones.
It is polite to finish eating everthing on your plate,so don't take more food than you need.
At table ,you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot,but do not laugh all the time.
Most Westerners like soft drink if they will drive home.
Many of them drink white or red wine with the food.
When drinking to someone's health,you raise your glasses,but the glasses should not touch.
The custom of toasting in some parts of China is to finish the drink at once,but Westerners usually take only a sip.
For drinking during a dinner,the best advic is never to drink too much.
Table manners change over time.
They follow the fashion of the day .
Beside,table manners are only important at formal dinner parties.
If you're not sure what to do ,you can always follow your hosts.
Although good manners always make you look good,you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with your friends or family.
2.
Sit up straigh,keep your elbows off the table,and silence your cell phone.
Dishes are passed from left to right
Do try a little of everything on your plate
When a lady arrives or leaves the table,it‘s polite for all gentleman at the table of to stand up.
Always say“Please“and “Thankyou“.
Thank the host and hotess before leaving.
3.
Every culture in the world is equal, with no one being dominant or recessive to another.
We should avoid using our own culture, morality and value to judge foreign culture.
We should treat foreign culture objectively and comprehendly.
内容提要
本文主要讲中西方餐桌礼仪的不同点和相同点.
在当今社会,随着中西方跨文化交流的平凡以及中西方礼仪的影响加深,导致双方餐桌礼仪方面的差异产生.
本文着重于比较中西方在餐桌礼仪.
例如,就餐是人们不同的入座方式,不同的`饮食概念以及不同的餐具等等.
此外还会指出不同国家中的一些用餐禁忌来帮助人们更好的理解餐桌礼仪。通过此法,我们可以更加了解西方国家的文化背景,并且建立起良好的关系.
关键词:餐桌礼仪;文化背景;餐桌文化
Abstract
This paper mainly focuses on the differences of table manners of China and Western countries.
In our modern society, the cross-culture communication between China and Western countries becomes a hot issue and the influences of Chinese and Western etiquette are increasingly profound, which causes the differences in table manners.
In this paper, we attach more importance to the different table manners of China and Western countries, such as, the different ways people sit for a meal, different dining concepts and different table wares and so on.
Meanwhile, it helps us understand the situation.
In this way, we can know well the western countries’ cultural background, and can set up a harmonious relationship with the westerns.
Key words: table manners; cultural background; table culture
Contents
Introduction
With the development of global economy, cross-culture communication has become more and more frequent, and the differences between Chinese and western culture have become more obvious, especially the differences of table manners.
Having dinner is more than the basic necessity of life.
Instead, having dinner is an important part of social formulae.
“John Loke, a famous British philosopher once said, the purpose of playing a ceremonial role is to change the original stubborn to gentle, so that people’s temper can become more moderate and let people learn to respect for others and get along with each others.
” (Duan, Chen, 2008) There is no doubt that sometimes some strangers become acquaintances, those acquaintances get a better understanding of the other even to the germination of love.
Because table manner is so fantastic that it does us a favor on acquiring more information, opening up eyesight and expanding the circle of communication.
It is obvious that table manners are quite important in people’s everyday life.
There are numberless differences between Chinese and western food cultures, and those differences cause the differences of table manners.
China is one of the four earliest civilizations in the world.
Chinese nation is the only inheritance millennium civilization.
Western society went through the darkness of Middle Ages and then came to Renaissance, gave birth to capitalism and modern civilization.
Today, with the economic globalization, international commercial activities have become more and more frequently and cross-culture communication has come into every nation’s daily life.
西方餐桌礼仪(中英文结合)
西餐礼仪的知识:
用 刀 叉 吃 有 骨 头 的 肉
吃 有 骨 头 的 肉 时 ， 可 以 用 手 拿 着 吃 。 若 想 吃 得 更 优 雅 ， 还 是 用 刀 较 好 。用 叉 子 将 整 片 肉 固 定 （可 将 叉 子 朝 上 ， 用 叉 子 背 部 压 住 肉） ， 再 用 刀 沿 骨 头 插 人 ， 把 肉 切 开 。 最 好 是 边 切 边 吃 。
必 须 用 手 吃 时 ， 会 附 上 洗 手 水 。 当 洗 手 水 和 带 骨 头 的 肉 一 起 端 上 来 时 ， 意 味 着 “ 请 用 手 吃 ” 。 用 手 指 拿 东 西 吃 后 ，将 手 指 放 在 装 洗 手 水 的 碗 里 洗 净 。 吃 一 般 的 菜 时 ， 如果 把 手 指 弄 脏 ， 也 可 请 侍 者 端 洗 手 水 来 ， 注 意 洗 手 时 要 轻 轻 地 洗 。
吃 面 包 可 蘸 调 味 汁
吃 到 连 调 味 汁 都 不 剩 ， 是 对 厨 师 的 礼 貌 。 注 意 不 要 把 面 包 盘 子 “ 舔 ” 得 很 干 净 ， 而 要 用 叉 子 叉 住 已 撕 成 小 片 的 面 包 ， 再 蘸 一 点 调 味 汁 来 吃 ， 是 雅 观 的 作 法 。
用 餐 巾 内 侧 擦 拭
弄 脏 嘴 巴 时 ， 一 定 要 用 餐 巾 擦 拭 ， 避 免 用 自 己 的 手 帕 。 用 餐 巾 反 摺 的 内 侧 来 擦 ，而 不 是 弄 脏 其 正 面 ， 是 应 有 的 礼 貌 。 手 指 洗 过 后 也 是 用 餐 巾 擦 的 。 若 餐 巾 脏 得 厉 害 ， 请 侍 者 重 新 更 换 一 条 。
凡 事 由 侍 者 代 劳
在 一 流 餐 厅 里 ， 客 人 除 了 吃 以 外 ， 诸 如 倒 酒 、 整 理 餐 具 、捡 起 掉 在 地 上 的 刀 叉 等 事 ， 都 应 让 侍 者 去 做 。 在 国 外 ， 进 餐 时 侍 者 会 来 问 ： “How is everything?” 如 果 没 有 问 题 , 可 用 “Good” 来 表 达 满 意 。
聊 天 切 忌 大 声 喧 哗
在 餐 厅 吃 饭 时 就 要 享 受 美 食 和 社 交 的 乐 趣 ， 沉 默 地 各 吃 各 的 会 很 奇 怪 。 但 旁 若 无 人 地 大 声 喧 哗 ， 也 是 极 失 礼 的 行 为 。 音 量 要 小 心 保 持 对 方 能 听 见 的 程 度 ， 别 影 响 到 邻 桌 。
中 途 离 席 时 将 餐 巾 放 在 椅 子 上
万 不 得 已 要 中 途 离 席 时 ， 最 好 在 上 菜 的 空 档 ， 向 同 桌 的 人 打 声 招 呼 ， 把 餐 巾 放 在 椅 子 上 再 走 ， 别 打 乱 了 整 个 吃 饭 的 程 序 和 气 氛 。 吃 完 饭 后 ， 只 要 将 餐 巾 随 意 放 在 餐 桌 即 可 ， 不 必 特 意 叠 整 齐。
任 意 选 择 乳 酪
高 级 餐 厅 上 甜 点 之 前 ， 会 送 上 一 个 大 托 盘 ， 摆 满 数 种 乳 酪 、 饼 干 和 水 果 ， 挑 多 少 种 都 可 以 ， 但 以 吃 得 下 的 范 围 为 准 。
用 叉 子 和 汤 匙 吃 甜 点
上 甜 点 时 大 都 会 附 上 汤 匙 和 叉 子 。 冰 淇 淋 之 类 的 甜 点 容 易 滑 动 ， 可 用 叉 子 固 定 并 集 中 ， 再 放 到 汤 匙 里 吃 。 大 块 的 水 果 可 以 切 成 一 口 的 大 小 ， 再 用 叉 子 叉 来 吃 。
如 何 招 呼 侍 者
侍 者 会 经 常 注 意 客 人 的 需 要 。 若 需 要 服 务 ， 可 用 眼 神 向 他 示 意 或 微 微 把 手 抬 高 ， 侍 者 会 马 上 过 来 。 如 果 对 服 务 满 意 ， 想 付 小 费 时 ， 可 用 签 帐 卡 支 付 ， 即 在 帐 单 上 写 下 含 小 费 在 内 的 总 额 再 签 名 。 最 后 别 忘 记 口 头 致 谢 。
餐具的使用
1.西餐的餐具
广义的西餐餐具包括刀、叉、匙、盘、杯、餐巾等。其中盘又有菜盘、布丁盘、奶盘、白脱盘等；酒杯更是讲究，正式宴会几乎每上一种酒，都要换上专用的玻璃酒杯。
狭义的餐具则专指刀、叉、匙三大件。刀分为食用刀、鱼刀、肉刀（刀口有锯齿，用以切牛排、猪排等）、黄油刀和水果刀。叉分为食用叉、鱼叉、肉叉和虾叉。匙则有汤匙、甜食匙、茶匙。公用刀、叉、匙的规格明显大于餐用刀叉。
餐具的摆法：垫盘放在餐席的正中心，盘上放折叠整齐的餐巾或餐纸（也有把餐巾或餐纸拆成花蕊状放在玻璃杯内的）。两侧的刀、叉、匙排成整齐的平行线，如有席位卡，则放在垫盘的前方。所有的餐刀放在垫盘的右侧，刀刃朝向垫盘。各种匙类放在餐刀右边，匙心朝上。餐叉则放在垫盘的左边，叉齿朝上。一个座席一般只摆放三副刀叉。面包碟放在客人的左手边，上置面包刀（即黄油刀，供抹奶油、果酱用，而不是用来切面包）一把，各类酒杯和水杯则放在右前方。如有面食，吃面食的匙、叉则横放在前方。
2.餐具的用法
刀叉持法。用刀时，应将刀柄的尾端置于手掌之中，以拇指抵住刀柄的一侧，食指按在刀柄上，但需注意食指决不能触及刀背，其余三指则顺势弯曲，握住刀柄。叉如果不是与刀并用，叉齿应该向上。持叉应尽可能持住叉柄的末端，叉柄倚在中指上，中间则以无名指和小指为支撑，叉可以单独用于叉餐或取食，也可以用于取食某些头道菜和馅饼，还可以用取食那种无需切割的主菜。
刀叉的使用。右手持刀，左手持叉，先用叉子把食物按住，然后用刀切成小块，再用叉送入嘴内。欧洲人使用时不换手，即从切割到送食物入口均以左手持叉。美国人则切割后，将刀放下换右手持叉送食入口。
刀叉并用时，持叉姿势与持刀相似，但叉齿应该向下。通常刀叉并用是在取食主菜的时候，但若无需要刀切割时，则可用叉切割，这两种方法都是正确的。
匙的用法。持匙用右手，持法同持叉，但手指务必持在匙柄之端，除喝汤外，不用匙取食其他食物。
餐巾用法。进餐时，大餐巾可折起（一般对折）折口向外平铺在腿上，小餐巾可伸开直接铺在腿上。注意不可将餐巾挂在胸前（但在空间不大的地方，如飞机上可以如此）。拭嘴时需用餐巾的上端，并用其内侧来擦嘴。绝不可用来擦脸部或擦刀叉、碗碟等。
西餐进餐礼仪
因为西餐主要是在餐具、菜肴、酒水等方面有别于中餐，因此，参加西餐宴会，除了应遵循前述中餐宴会的基本礼仪之外，还应分别掌握以下几个方面的礼仪知识。
1.餐具使用的礼仪
吃西餐，必须注意餐桌上餐具的排列和置放位置，不可随意乱取乱拿。正规宴会上，每一道食物、菜肴即配一套相应的餐具（刀、叉、匙），并以上菜的先后顺序由外向内排列。进餐时，应先取左右两侧最外边的一套刀叉。每吃完一道菜，将刀叉合拢并排置于碟中，表示此道菜已用完，服务员便会主动上前撤去这套餐具。如尚未用完或暂时停顿，应将刀叉呈八字型左右分架或交叉摆在餐碟上，刀刃向内，意思是告诉服务员，我还没吃完，请不要把餐具拿走。
使用刀叉时，尽量不使其碰撞，以免发出大的声音，更不可挥动刀叉与别人讲话。
2.进餐礼仪
西餐种类繁多，风味各异，因此其上菜的顺序，因不同的菜系、不同的规格而有所差异，但其基本顺序大体相同。
一餐内容齐全的西菜一般有七八道，主要由这样几部分构成：
第一，饮料（果汁）、水果或冷盆，又称开胃菜，目的是增进食欲。
第二，汤类（也即头菜）。需用汤匙，此时一般上有黄油、面包。
第三，蔬菜、冷菜或鱼（也称副菜）。可使用垫盘两侧相应的刀叉。
第四，主菜（肉食或熟菜）。肉食主菜一般配有熟蔬菜，此时要用刀叉分切后放餐盘内取食。如有色拉，需要色拉匙、色拉叉等餐具。
第五，餐后食物。一般为甜品（点心）、水果、冰淇淋等。最后为咖啡，喝咖啡应使用咖啡匙、长柄匙。
进餐时，除用刀、叉、匙取送食物外，有时还可用手取。如吃鸡、龙虾时，经主人示意，可以用手撕着吃。吃饼干、薯片或小粒水果，可以用手取食。面包则一律手取，注意取自己左手前面的，不可取错。取面包时，左手拿取，右手撕开，再把奶油涂上去，一小块一小块撕着吃。不可用面包蘸汤吃，也不可一整块咬着吃。
喝汤时，切不可以汤盘就口，必须用汤匙舀着喝。姿势是：用左手扶着盘沿，右手用匙舀，不可端盘喝汤，不要发出吱吱的声响，也不可频率太快。如果汤太烫时，应待其自然降温后再喝。
吃肉或鱼的时候，要特别小心。用叉按好后，慢慢用刀切，切好后用叉子进食，千万不可用叉子将其整个叉起来，送到嘴里去咬。这类菜盘里一般有些生菜，往往是用于点缀和增加食欲的，吃不吃由你，不要为了面子强吃下去。
餐桌上的佐料，通常已经备好，放在桌上。如果距离太远，可以请别人麻烦一下，不能自己站起来伸手去拿，这是很难看的。
吃西餐时相互交谈是很正常的现象，但切不可大声喧哗，放声大笑，也不可抽烟，尤其在吃东西时应细嚼慢咽，嘴里不要发出很大的声响，更不能把叉刀伸进嘴里。至于拿着刀叉作手势在别人面前挥舞，更是失礼和缺乏修养的行为。
吃西餐还应注意坐姿。坐姿要正，身体要直，脊背不可紧靠椅背，一般坐于座椅的四分之三即可。不可伸腿，不能翘起二郎腿，也不要将胳臂肘放到桌面上。
饮酒时，不要把酒杯斟得太满，也不要和别人劝酒（这些都不同于中餐）。如刚吃完油腻食物，最好先擦一下嘴再去喝酒，免得让嘴上的油渍将杯子弄的油乎乎的。干杯时，即使不喝，也应将酒杯在嘴唇边碰一下，以示礼貌。
有人曾将一次礼貌的饮酒程序做了总结：首先，举起酒杯，双目平视，欣赏色彩；其次，稍微端近，轻闻酒香；然后，小啜一口；第四，慢慢品尝；最后，赞美酒好、酒香。
总之，西餐既重礼仪，又讲规矩，只有认真掌握好，才能在就餐时表现得温文尔雅，颇具风度。
Eating in American（I）
中国菜着重色、香、味，西餐讲究实惠。初到美国餐馆用餐，应该注意如下事项：1）选择合适的餐馆（如：家庭式餐馆、特色餐馆以及自助式餐馆等）；2）餐馆营业时间（上午11：30开门营业，直到夜晚）；3）一般都应事先预订餐位：4）到达餐馆后，不能径直地到餐桌旁入桌，除非餐厅有“随意就坐”的告示；5）付款时，别忘了留给服务员一定比例的小费（一般为实际总额的10%～15%）。
Eating out is one of the joy of being in the USA.The food is usually good and often excellent;the prices are reasonable ;and the service is mostly fine.
Choosing a Restaurant 选择餐馆Some restaurants are open for breakfast;others are open twenty-four hours a day.A number of restaurants call themselves "family restaurants".Many of these serve no alcohol and have fairly restricted menus which include steaks,hamburgers,omelettes(炒蛋)and sandwiches,and all are at very reasonable prices.They may also serve smaller and cheaper children's portios(份餐).Note that many American restaurants are "speciatly"restaurants .They may serve only,or mainly ,steaks ,seafood,etc.
When to Eat 供餐时间Many restaurants,especially the more expensive ones,open at about 11：30a.m.(midday,rather than 1p.m.,is the most normal time for lunch in the USA),and some remain open until the evening,so it is possible to order a meal throughout the afternoon.
In many areas it is usual for people to leave work and go out for an evening meal at 5p.m.or 6p.m.,than waiting until later.
Reserving a Table 预订餐位Eating out is rather popular in the USA.And it is often necessary to make a reservation.You will sometimes see short queues of people waiting for tables at restaurants-it's more pleasant to wait in the bar ,of course,if there is one-but there queues more quickly.
Arriving at Restaurant 到达餐馆When you arrive at most restaurant,you should not just go in and sit down-unless you see a sign saying "Please seat yourself".Usually you will have to wait for a "hostess"or "captain"(领班)to escort(陪同)you to a table .Often there will be a sign that reads "Please wait to be seated".
Do not expect to share a table with other parties,even if the restaurant is crowed .It just isn't done.
Many restaurant have a no-smoking section,in some place by lows.
One excellent American custom is that after you have sat down your waiter or waitress will often bring you a glass or water(with ice naturally)and will keep on refilling it throughout the meal.(Most American are incapable of eating a meal without drinking something at the same time.)When your waiter or waitress takes your order,it is not very normal for one person to order for the whole table.Each person orders separately ,except in the most expensive restaurants.
Summoning a waiter 召唤侍者You may find your waiter unusually friendly.He may ask you how you are (You're supposed just to say "Fine"),inquire whether you have a good day and ,later on say that he hopes you will enjoy your meal.
To summon a waiter in a American restaurant you may call "Bill",or "Mary",or "Claude",or whatever.Waiters and waitresses often actually introduce themselves when they first come to your table or wear name tags,you are permitted to use their first names.
Paying the Bill 付款The bill (often called the "check")comes usually with tax added but no service chare-though some restaurant do now add a service charge.The etiquette(规矩)books say that you should leave a ten per cent tip(小费)for lunch,fifteen per cent for dinner.The tip should be calculated on the basis of the total before the addition of tax.
At many restaurant you can ask the waiter to bring the bill and than pay at a cash desk on the way out.
Eating in American（II）
美国人吃饭用刀叉，而且他们的用餐方式是很有讲究的。因此，在应邀与美国朋友一起吃饭时，应特别注意他们的用餐习惯。一般情况下，餐桌上摆放有一幅餐刀和两幅餐叉，外边的餐叉供你吃色拉，里边的餐叉用于吃主食和其它点心食品，餐刀用来切肉食。如果你两手并用，应左手握叉，右手握刀，而且一次握刀时间不能太长。美国人的早餐有：炒或煮鸡蛋、香肠、油炸土豆片、薄煎饼、果子冻、烤面包、松饼、桔子汁以及咖啡等。
Eating Custom and Practice 用餐习惯
American eating is funny.They eat almost everything with a fork,and it appears that holding a knife in one's right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be against good table manners.
The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife,people take the fork in their left hand,and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the normal manner.Then they put the knife down,transfer the fork to their right hand,and only then do they transport the food to their mouth.This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑),but it is considered good manners.
There are several results of this system.First,if it is not absolutely necessary to use a knife,Americans don't use one,because obviously this greatly complicates(使复杂化)things,and you will therefore see them trying to cut things like potatoes,fish and even bacon(熏猪肉)with a fork.Second,towards the end of a course,since only one implement(器具)is being used,food has to bo chased around the plate with the fork —and for the last mouthful the thumb has to be used to keep the food in place,although one is not supposed to do this.
Third,tables are generally laid with one knife and two forks,the outside fork being for the salad.There is no need for foreign visitors to follow the American system and try to eat the salad with only a fork,but if you do use your knife,remerber to save it for the meat course.Even desserts(甜食)(except ice cream)are eaten with a fork if at all possible,and the spoon you see by your dessert is meant to be for coffee (but if you use it for your dessert no one will say anything).
外国礼仪(英文)
Western Customs and manners
Nowadays, there appears a phenomenon that the western customs are spreading into the east countries step by step, thus making many inhabitants who live in big cities enjoy themselves on these western festivals such as Christmas Day, April Fool's Day, etc. Such phenomenon shows us that the world people are getting close gradually and the world is becoming smaller and smaller as well. Therefore, in my opinion, it's a normal phenomenon as well as a necessary trend.
Since we have been to Australia, we know how compulsory it is to learn the customs and manners. Australia is an English-speaking country, so many customs are similar to the British ones. For example, the Australians drive or walk on the left hand and you will be fined seriously if you drive on the right hand just like what you do in China.
In the first place, let’s talk about the language in Australia, you will find the language Australians say does not sound like typical English. For instance, the local people read ‘today’ like ‘To die’.Don’t be astonished if you hear them say ‘I am very happy to die (today)’ I advise you to ask the guide to explain to you the special pronunciations of the local people.
In the second place, you should understand the manners of the native people. Usually, foreign people are very enthusiastic, so you should be as zealous to accept their friendship. Smiling is the most important thing to do, laugh or smile to them often show your sincereness.
Once,on my way to school,I saw an old man walking to me.Although we have never met before,he offered to say 'Good morning'to me with a smile on his face. This shinny greeting made me have a nice mood whole day.It can not be more usual in foreign country to greet to a stranger,but in China, it's a very rare thing.
When you have meal with foreign friends, always be aware of your table manners as well as how to use folk and spoon correctly. All in all, show the foreigners your shinny smile and good manners.
Now I want to share some details with you which we had seen in Sydney Opera House.When I entered the famous opera house,I found that all the people were wearing formal clothes. And than the concert started,the whole concert hall had no other sound but the songs.When the church choir turned,an old lady supported by the armchair came onstage slowly——she must be over eighty ,yet she is still active in this kind of activity.I was deeply moved by her spirit.
In conclusion, as a Chinese student in other countries, it’s our duty to tell them the Chinese splendid cultures and good manners.In return ,we must learn something from our foreign friends.
中西方礼仪包括什么内容？做一个ppt 有加分
身体行为
（1）目光与面部表情。英美人交谈时，双方正视对方，在他们看来，这是正直与诚实的标志。英美人有句格言：Never trust a person who can't look you in the eyes．（不要相信不敢直视你的人。）而中国人在交谈时，双方不一定要不时地正视对方，甚至有的人还有意避免不断的目光接触，以示谦恭、服从或尊敬。这也许是初来中国的英美人感到中国人不够热情友好的原因之一；同时也说明为什么英美人喜欢面对面交谈，而中国人倾向于“促膝谈心”。
交谈双方正视对方是英美人的习惯，但他们又讨厌那种目不转睛的凝视（stare)，因为在他们看来这是一种非常粗鲁的行为，好像他们是“物”而不是人，即把他们“非人格化”了。十几年前，当中国刚刚打开改革开放的大门，迎来少数外国人时，英美人发现中国人像看“稀有动物”般地上下打量，进而目不转睛地盯着他们，使他们感到非常恼火。许多来华的英语族人都对此流露出不满情绪。然而，凝视的汉语意义有时仅是好奇与惊讶，并非无礼。
据说（高慎盈，1991：55），当人们看到有趣的或心中喜爱的东西时，瞳孔就会扩大；而看到不喜欢的或厌恶的东西时，瞳孔则会缩小。这种现象据说古时候的珠宝商就已注意到，他们能从顾客的瞳孔变化而知道对方是否对货物有兴趣，从而决定是抬价还是跌价。这一情况如果属实，并无什么文化差异，但谁更谙于此道却有文化差异，比如美国商人与中国珠宝商打交道时，据说要戴上墨镜，以免瞳孔变化被精明的中国珠宝商看见。
（2）手势语。手势所能表达的含义多种多样，而且文化差异尤为突出：
——中国人用手指头连续从“1”数到“5”，是先张开手掌，然后手指头往掌心弯曲；英美人与此相反，是先握拳，然后手指头一个个伸出去。
——英美人用拇指和食指合成一个圆圈，表示“OK”(好)，而中国人的“0”型手势常用来表示“零”，所以有位中国学生问美国教师考试结果时，美国教师以“OK”手势来回答，使这位中国学生吃惊不小：得零分？！
——示意数字“3”，中国人把拇指和食指指尖相接构成一个圆圈，其他三个指头张开伸直（如果弯曲则表示“零”，跟英美人的“OK”手势相仿）；而英美人则是举起食指、中指和无名指，将拇指接住小指。
——中国人表示“6”、“7”、“8”、“9”、“10”，可以用一只手来对付，如下图所示；
英美人表示“6”、“7”、“8”、“9”、“10”一只手对付不了，所以只好双手配合，如下图所示；
——中国人用食指刮刮脸皮，表示没羞，真丢脸；而英美人表达这一意思是对着讥笑的对象，用石手食指在左手食指上一下一下平削过去(to whittle)：
英美人手心向外用食指和中指做V型，意指Victory(胜利，成功或和平），而中国人的这种手势相当于“两个”。尼克松还曾做过三V手势。
——英美人要求搭车时，是面对开过来的车辆，右手握拳，拇指跷起向右肩方向晃动（注意：在澳大利亚和新西兰，这是一种淫荡的动作）；中国人搭车是面向车辆，一只胳膊向一侧平伸，掌心向前，作出“停”的手势，或是高举右手或双手，向司机打招呼。
——中国人向人招手示意向其靠近，是掌心朝下；英美人是掌心朝上。有位中国教授去一个美国人家里，要将一件礼物送给这家小孩，当他向小孩招手时，这小孩却往后退。原来中国人掌心朝下的招手方式类似于美国人让人走开的动作。
上面所举各例要么是中国人与英美人动作相仿，但意思不一样；要么是同一个意思，表达手势却不尽相同。
下面则是英美人特有的与手相配合的动作：
——两臂在腰部交叉，然后沿身体两侧向下伸去，表示“完了”，“没救了”。
——双臂在身前上下挪动，勾划出女子的身体轮廓，表示“美人”。
——耸肩：皱动前额，抬眉耸肩，双肘弯曲，双掌向上摊开，甚至还微曲双腿等等，表示“我不知道”、“有什么办法呢”、“这种状况毫无希望”、“我无能为力”等。
——用手拍打自己后肩，表示“自我庆幸”。
中国人也有不少令英美人难以领会的特有手势：
——别人为自己倒茶或斟酒时，广东人用食指与中指或多个手指头在桌上点点，以示谢意。现在这一动作已传播到国内许多地区。如果不以这种动作表示礼貌的话，中国人的传统表示方式是一只手或两只手放在杯子旁。
——两只手送东西给别人或接过东西，以示尊敬。
——伸出两个竖起的食指在身前慢慢接近，表示“男女相爱”、“匹配良缘”等。
——说话时用一只张开的手捂着嘴，表示说“秘密的话”。
中外还有不少特殊的手势语，限于篇幅，只好从略。
（3）坐、站、行、蹲。邱文生(1994：20)说：“在西方，站立者通常在职位、年龄或地位上长于坐者，在交谈中扮演主导角色。因此，交谈一方采取站立姿势或来回走动，这就意味着他(她)位尊职高，有权决定谈话过程的进行。而在中国；情况正好相反。一般而言晚辈或地位较低者以站为礼，倾听意见，处于被动地位；长辈或位尊者常坐着，处于支配地位。”这一概括有一定的道理，但具体情况还是具体分析为好。例如：
——在英美两国，到某人家里做客，如果客人是位女士，她进入客厅时，客厅中大多数男士会站起来。各种年龄的英美女士都喜欢这种礼节，尽管现在年轻的一代遵从这一传统习俗的人比过去少了。
——在课堂上，中国教师提问时，学生一般是站起来回答问题；而在美国，学生一般是坐着回答美国教师的问题。
——西方文化强调“女士优先”，所以先请女士就坐，是一种礼貌。女士就坐前，男士们有义务帮她们拉出椅子，待女士落座后，他们才坐下，这也是一种有教养、讲文明的表现。中国传统文化强调长幼尊卑秩序，强调长辈、上级、尊者先坐，待他们坐下后，晚辈、下级、位低者有的还不是马上就坐，而是等长辈、上级、尊者“命坐”，然后才“谢坐”。宴请宾客时，主宾双方入座前，较传统的人仍保持“让座”、“谢座”的传统礼仪，只是不如以前那么正规了，但不管怎么说，“小人物”总要在“大人物”之后落座才合体统。中国人让坐还体现于舒服的位子不敢坐，请看下面一段对话(Ouyang Fasu，见胡文仲，1988:36)：
W：(Showing C the sofa) Sit down，please．
C：No，no. I'll sit here． (Moving towards a chair)
W: Oh，do sit over here on the sofa．
C：No，no．This chair is perfectly all right．
同样是坐，坐姿也存在文化差异：
——中国人传统坐相是“坐如钟”，历来要求上身与大腿，大腿与小腿这两处的角度形成直角，要挺直腰杆，收紧膝盖，这就是所谓的“正襟危坐”。中国传统坐具是太师椅，其椅面与椅背就是直角，坐在这种椅子上不太可能仰坐，否则人就滑溜到地下去了。太师椅是对中国“标准”坐法的物质迎合。
——英美人不习惯“正襟危坐”。将一只脚踝压在另一条大腿上，是美国人的典型架腿法，名曰“4字腿”。第二次大战中，德国纳粹曾凭某人架“4字腿”而判定他是美国间谍，加以逮捕。
——美国人架“4字腿”还嫌不自在，有时跟人谈话时，竟将双脚翘到桌面上去。我在即将离美回国时，曾到一家美国银行关闭户头。银行经理谈话中竟将穿着皮鞋的双脚翘到桌面上，好一付“盛气凌人”的派头。回国后，对这件事我一直耿耿于怀，心想：或许我的银行存款在这位经理眼中少得可怜，他不屑一顾，再则我是个黄皮肤的中国人，因而这位白人阔佬可以“居高临下”，把双脚翘到桌面同我谈话。后来我才知道：“美国人双脚翘到桌面，是一种轻松自在，不拘礼节的表示，往往还是对谈话对方的一种敬意。但对一些拉丁美洲及亚洲人来说，这种行为是粗鲁无礼或自命不凡的表现（Jensen，见胡文仲，1990：131）。
——英美人在家里喜欢坐在铺有地毯的地上；在美国大街旁或公共场合，我也见有不少人随地而坐。到中国后，有些英美人也随地而坐，中国人见了觉得不卫生。中国人不得不坐地下时，往往找一张报纸或用手帕铺在地下，英美人见了觉得这才是不卫生，因为在他们看来，手帕怎么能放地下？乱丢纸屑本身就不卫生，而且违反公德。
——美国教师上课时，有的竟坐到讲台上去，中国学生大为惊讶，以为这是一种粗俗行为，但美国教师这么做，是为了减少课堂的紧张气氛，缩小与学生的距离，是一种不拘礼节的表示。
“坐如钟、站如松、行如风、卧如弓”，这是中国文化的正统要求，而在如今的现实生活中，中国人的实践与这一传统已有相当大的距离。上面谈了“坐相”，接下来再看看“站”、“行”、“蹲”的文化差异。
——中国教师在课堂上课，除了返身到黑板板书外，大部分时间是站在讲台的中心位置，而英美教师特别好动，总爱在教室里来回走动，似乎站着不动就受不了。所以英美人觉得中国课堂太保守、太正规、太死板，甚至使人昏昏欲睡。而中国人有时觉得英美教师太随便，甚至扰乱了课堂秩序。与此类似，在一般报告会上，中国演讲者一般也是在讲台上稳立不动，沉着庄严，一本正经，“呆板不活”；而英美演讲者在听众面前不停地来回走动，甚至还会走到听众身边，以此加强感染力，演讲者动作频繁，身体前俯后仰，脚跟踮起，甚至为了求得某种效果，还会背向观众，显得“过于活跃”，“有失尊严”。
——英美人站着跺脚，表示不耐烦；中国人跺脚，表示愤怒、恼怒、灰心、悔恨。
——英美人走路昂首挺胸，大摇大摆，阔步向前，所以前苏联人曾说，“美国人走路的架势就像脚下土地都归他们所有一样，英国人走路的样子就像是不屑于理睬谁是他脚下土地的主人”；而有些中国学生说，英美人走路“好像整个世界都归他所有一样”。总之，英美人的站立和行走姿势是运动员和军人姿势；而在英美人眼里，中国人的标准是学者和平民姿势。
——中国人可以两脚根着地，双脚脚尖向外，长时间蹲着。英美人不但感到这一姿势很难做，无法保持身体平衡，而且普遍忌讳这一姿势。英美人典型的下蹲姿势是两只脚尖着地，或一只脚尖和一只脚跟着地，不过就是这种“平衡”姿势；他们也坚持不了多久，所以要休息的话，宁可坐在地上。我发现，中国公厕的蹲位便是中国人“蹲功”的一种体现。中国的不少机场，国内航班候机厅的卫生间内，除了一个“残疾人专用”的坐式抽水马桶外，其余都是蹲式的；而在国际航班候机厅里的卫生间内，所有位子都是坐式抽水马桶。
（4）头部动作。中国人跟英美人一样，点头表示同意，摇头表示否定，但由于在回答“是”与“否”的问题时，存在着如前面一节所述的思维方式的差异，所以头部动作有时也不尽一致了。例如：“You should not be discouraged．”Mother said to us. We all shook our heads．
前一句的意思是“妈妈对我们说：‘你们不要灰心”；后一句的字面意思是“我们都摇摇头”，如果用言语取代非言语形式表达的话，应是“No．We won't be discouraged．”。可这一句若翻译成汉语，No应译为“是”，整句应是“是的，我们不会灰心”，与这里的No相对应的中国人的非言语动作应是“我们都点点头”；如果用英语同英美人交际，思维方式以及受其制约的非言语行为则要符合英语族人的习惯，以摇头表示这一情景中的“是的”。又比如，中国人和英美人都有扬头兼用下巴指方向的动作，不同的是，中国人还常常伴有撮起双唇，而英美人撮起嘴唇咂着嘴表示“飞吻”!
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